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Updated: Aug 15, 2026

Studying the Epithelial Effects of Intestinal Inflammation In Vitro on Established Murine Colonoids
Published on: June 2, 2023
Differentiation and growth inhibition mediated via the RXR:PPARgamma heterodimer in colon cancer
Rosemary M Cesario1, Jessica Stone, Wan-Ching Yen
1Department of Molecular Oncology, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. rcesario@ligand.com
Abstract:
This study evaluated the anti-tumor efficacy of combining the RXR agonist, bexarotene, with the PPARgamma agonist, rosiglitazone, in colon cancer. Moser, a human colon cancer cell line, was treated with bexarotene and rosiglitazone alone or in combination and the effect on growth and differentiation were examined. The data demonstrated that the bexarotene/rosiglitazone combination produced greater efficacy in growth inhibition than either single agent. Furthermore, combination treatment acted cooperatively to decrease COX-2 expression and PGE2 synthesis while increasing expression of the differentiation marker, CEA. These findings were confirmed in vivo in a Moser xenograft tumor model. Collectively, our data suggest a potential role for utilizing a combination regimen of a RXR and PPARgamma agonist in the treatment of colon cancer.
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