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Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

Vaccinations

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Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...

Anthelminthic Agents

Anthelminthic Agents

Anthelmintic drugs differ significantly from antiparasitic therapies targeting protozoa, primarily due to differences in parasite biology. Whereas most protozoal treatments act on proliferating cells, anthelmintics are typically directed against mature, nonproliferative helminths. The therapeutic approach considers the helminth's reliance on neuromuscular coordination, glucose metabolism, and microtubular integrity for survival, reproduction, and localization within the host. Most anthelmintics...

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Related Experiment Video

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Nucleofection and In Vivo Propagation of Chicken Eimeria Parasites

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[Vaccination against echinococcosis (?)].

¹Institut für Parasitologie, Universität Bern. bruno.gottstein@ipa.unibe.ch

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique

|November 10, 2005

Summary

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are serious parasitic diseases in Europe. While a vaccine improves CE control by protecting livestock, AE vaccination faces challenges due to its wildlife cycle, necessitating discussions on human vaccination feasibility.

Area of Science:

Veterinary parasitology
Medical entomology
Zoonotic disease research

Context:

Two Echinococcus species, E. multilocularis (AE) and E. granulosus (CE), coexist in Europe.
AE has a high fatality rate in untreated cases, with incidence rates of 0.02-1.4 per 100,000.
Current AE treatment involves surgery and benzimidazole therapy.

Purpose:

To review the current status of echinococcosis control and discuss potential vaccination strategies.
To evaluate the feasibility and health-economic impact of human vaccination against AE.

Summary:

A successful vaccine for cystic echinococcosis (CE) protects farm animals, indirectly reducing human infection.
Vaccines targeting E. multilocularis (AE) have shown promise in murine models (14-3-3 and Em95 vaccines).

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AE's wildlife cycle complicates vaccine implementation, unlike the farm-animal-focused CE vaccine.

Impact:

CE control has improved significantly with animal vaccination, reducing human exposure.
AE vaccination in wildlife hosts is challenging, prompting consideration of human vaccination in endemic areas.
Further research is needed on the health-economic impact and feasibility of large-scale human AE vaccination.