Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 14, 2026
Noninvasive and Invasive Renal Hypoxia Monitoring in a Porcine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock
Published on: October 28, 2022
Urinary bladder partial carbon dioxide tension during hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion: an observational study
Arnaldo Dubin1, Mario O Pozo, Vanina S Kanoore Edul
1Intensive Care Unit, Sanatorio Otamendi y Miroli, Buenos Aires, Argentina. arnaldodubin@speedy.com.ar
Introduction:
Continuous monitoring of bladder partial carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) using fibreoptic sensor technology may represent a useful means by which tissue perfusion may be monitored. In addition, its changes might parallel tonometric gut PCO2. Our hypothesis was that bladder PCO2, measured using saline tonometry, will be similar to ileal PCO2 during ischaemia and reperfusion.
Method:
Six anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep were bled to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mmHg for 30 min (ischaemia). Then, blood was reinfused and measurements were repeated at 30 and 60 min (reperfusion). We measured systemic and gut oxygen delivery and consumption, lactate and various PCO2 gradients (urinary bladder-arterial, ileal-arterial, mixed venous-arterial and mesenteric venous-arterial). Both bladder and ileal PCO2 were measured using saline tonometry.
Results:
After bleeding systemic and intestinal oxygen supply dependency and lactic acidosis ensued, along with elevations in PCO2 gradients when compared with baseline values (all values in mmHg; bladder DeltaPCO2 3 +/- 3 versus 12 +/- 5, ileal DeltaPCO2 9 +/- 5 versus 29 +/- 16, mixed venous-arterial PCO2 5 +/- 1 versus 13 +/- 4, and mesenteric venous-arterial PCO2 4 +/- 2 versus 14 +/- 4; P < 0.05 versus basal for all). After blood reinfusion, PCO2 gradients returned to basal values except for bladder DeltaPCO2, which remained at ischaemic levels (13 +/- 7 mmHg).
Conclusion:
Tissue and venous hypercapnia are ubiquitous events during low flow states. Tonometric bladder PCO2 might be a useful indicator of tissue hypoperfusion. In addition, the observed persistence of bladder hypercapnia after blood reinfusion may identify a territory that is more susceptible to reperfusion injury. The greatest increase in PCO2 gradients occurred in gut mucosa. Moreover, the fact that ileal DeltaPCO2 was greater than the mesenteric venous-arterial PCO2 suggests that tonometrically measured PCO2 reflects mucosal rather than transmural PCO2. Ileal DeltaPCO2 appears to be the more sensitive marker of ischaemia.
