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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
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Assessment of terms to describe mental retardation.

Paul E Panek1, Jessi L Smith

  • 1Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark Campus, 43055, USA. panek.1@osu.edu

Research in Developmental Disabilities
|November 24, 2005
PubMed
Summary

The term "mentally challenged" is perceived more positively than "mental retardation" or "physically disabled." This study explores preferred terminology for developmental disabilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Disability Studies
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Ongoing debate exists regarding the terminology for intellectual disability and developmental disabilities.
  • The term "mental retardation" is being re-evaluated for its appropriateness and potential replacement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess public perception of various terms used to describe intellectual disability and individuals with these conditions.
  • To compare the semantic differential ratings of terms like "mental retardation," "intellectual disability," and "mentally challenged."

Main Methods:

  • Employed the semantic differential technique with 284 participants from Midwestern populations.
  • Participants rated terms on three factors: evaluation, activity, and potency.
  • Evaluated terms describing the condition and the person, alongside terms for other disabilities.

Main Results:

  • All terms were generally assessed neutrally, but "mentally challenged" emerged as the most positive.
  • "Mentally challenged" received significantly more positive evaluations than "physically disabled."
  • "Mentally challenged" and "visually disabled" were evaluated similarly.

Conclusions:

  • The term "mentally challenged" may be a more positively perceived alternative in discussions of intellectual disability.
  • Findings have implications for professional and public discourse surrounding developmental disabilities.
  • Further research can explore the nuances of terminology in disability studies.