[Diagnostics and treatment of prostate cancer after kidney transplantation]

The number of patients with prostate cancer and end-stage renal disease or prostate cancer following kidney transplantation has continuously increased in industrialized countries. According to the data generated by Penn et al. a higher incidence of prostate cancer following kidney transplantation can be seen but is probably due to a more intense screening of the recipients. It is rather a common opinion that no elevated risk of prostate cancer following kidney transplantation exists. In patients with strictly localized prostate cancer curative treatment should be the aim also after kidney transplantation. Kidney transplantation does not interfere with surgical access to the prostate gland (retropubic or perineal). Nonlocal tumors of the prostate should also be treated following the general recommendations regarding prostate cancer. Looking at the current literature, a reduction or change of immunosuppression seems reasonable. It is necessary to establish a nationwide (or even European) cancer register, especially for patients before and after transplantation.