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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion

Once the process of glomerular filtration is completed, blood carrying unfiltered drug molecules traverses through efferent arterioles and makes its way into the peritubular capillaries in the proximal tubule. A variety of carriers play a pivotal role in actively secreting drugs from these peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid. The organic anion transporter transfers acidic drugs, against an electrochemical gradient, from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule cells and...
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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
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Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes01:10

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Two generalizable routes to terminal carbido complexes.

Stephen R Caskey1, Michael H Stewart, Jonathon E Kivela

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-1055, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 1, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed efficient methods for synthesizing ruthenium carbene and carbonyl complexes. These reactions involve sulfur atom abstraction and oxidation, offering new pathways for organometallic chemistry.

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Ruthenium complexes with thiocarbonyl ligands are valuable synthetic intermediates.
  • Exploring novel transformations of these ligands is crucial for developing new catalytic systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the desulfurization of thiocarbonyl ligands in ruthenium complexes.
  • To develop efficient synthetic routes to ruthenium carbene and carbonyl complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Sulfur atom abstraction using a molybdenum complex.
  • Oxidation of ruthenium carbene complexes using dimethyldioxirane.
  • Synthesis of ruthenium thiocarbonyl complexes from precursors.

Main Results:

  • Desulfurization of [Ru(CS)Cl2(PCy3)2] (1-S) yielded [Ru(C)Cl2(PCy3)2] (1) with 55% isolated yield.
  • [Ru(C)Cl2(PCy3)2] (1) was also formed in 87% yield from [Ru(CHR)(PCy3)2Cl2] precursors.
  • Quantitative conversion of [Ru(C)Cl2(PCy3)2] (1) to [Ru(CO)Cl2(PCy3)2] (1-O) was achieved at low temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • Efficient methods for the synthesis of ruthenium carbene and carbonyl complexes have been established.
  • The developed methods offer versatile routes for accessing important organometallic compounds.