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Norovirus outbreaks from drinking water.

Leena Maunula1, Ilkka T Miettinen, Carl-Henrik von Bonsdorff

  • 1Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. Leena.Maunula@Helsinki.Fi

Emerging Infectious Diseases
|December 2, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Waterborne norovirus outbreaks are common in Finland. This study investigated viral causes of foodborne disease, finding norovirus in 10 waterborne outbreaks, highlighting the need for water virus monitoring.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Virology
  • Foodborne Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • Finland implemented intensified monitoring for foodborne disease outbreaks.
  • Investigation focused on identifying viral etiologies of waterborne outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate viruses responsible for waterborne outbreaks in Finland.
  • To determine the role of noroviruses and astroviruses in these outbreaks.
  • To assess the feasibility of detecting viruses in water samples from outbreaks.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of patient stool samples using electron microscopy and RT-PCR for noroviruses and astroviruses.
  • Water sample analysis when patient tests were positive for viruses.
  • Virus concentration from 1-L water samples using positively charged filters.

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  • Sequencing of viral amplicons from patient and water samples.

    • Main Results:

    • Of 41 waterborne outbreaks (1998-2003), 28 outbreak samples were analyzed.
    • Noroviruses were identified as the cause of 18 outbreaks based on patient samples.
    • Norovirus was detected in water samples from 10 of these outbreaks.
    • Viral sequences from water and patients were identical in all but one case.

    Conclusions:

    • Noroviruses are a significant cause of waterborne outbreaks.
    • Detection of noroviruses in water samples confirms their role in transmission.
    • The findings underscore the necessity for enhanced water surveillance for viruses to prevent outbreaks.