Antiphospholipid syndrome associated with infections: clinical and microbiological characteristics

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) were originally detected in human serum almost 100 years ago when the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test was described. A phospholipid called cardiolipin was the major tissue extract utilized in performing these tests. In 1983, cardiolipin was used for the first time as the antigen in solid-phase aPL specific assays for the now termed antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Since then, many infections have been found to be associated with aPL positivity, although a pathogenic role for these antibodies was not usually obvious except in a few isolated cases.