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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

Published on: October 28, 2020

Crafting identities and accessing opportunities post-Brown.

Margaret Beale Spencer¹

¹Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6216, USA. marges@gse.upenn.edu

The American Psychologist

|December 15, 2005

Summary

Vulnerability in youth, influenced by race and poverty, persists despite protective factors. These factors significantly impact psychosocial and achievement outcomes for at-risk youth.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Sociology
Education

Background:

Persistent disparities in protective factors affect youth decades after Brown v. Board of Education.
Racial differences, skin color, and poverty remain significant issues for vulnerable youth.
Existing research often overlooks the interplay of risk and protective factors in diverse youth populations.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the dual-axis model of vulnerability in a multiethnic sample of youth.
To compare psychosocial and achievement outcomes across four vulnerability groups (high, masked, low, undetermined).
To investigate the role of risk factors (poverty, family structure, skin color) and protective factors (school climate, parental monitoring, skin color consonance) in youth vulnerability.

Main Methods:

Utilized a dual-axis model to assess vulnerability in a multiethnic sample (56% African American, 69% female, 65% high-achieving).
Categorized youth into four vulnerability groups based on the presence of risk and protective factors.
Analyzed the impact of specific risk factors (poverty, parental presence, skin pigmentation) and protective factors (perceived school climate, parental monitoring, skin color preference alignment).

Main Results:

Vulnerability status significantly impacts psychosocial and achievement outcomes for youth.
Identified distinct patterns of risk and protective factors across the four vulnerability groups.
Findings indicate persistent "invisible" hurdles related to White privilege, color stereotyping, and economic disparities for vulnerable youth.

Conclusions:

The dual-axis model effectively differentiates youth vulnerability and its impact on outcomes.
Addressing systemic issues like White privilege and economic disparities is crucial for supporting vulnerable youth.
Interventions should consider the complex interplay of individual, familial, and societal factors influencing youth development and achievement.