Studies on calcium dependence reveal multiple modes of action for triptolide

Triptolide, a diterpene triepoxide isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal vine Trypterygium wilfordii hook f., has been shown to induce rapid apoptosis in a myriad of cancer cell lines and inhibit NFkappaB transactivation. To understand further the general cellular mechanisms for this therapeutically relevant natural product, binding and biological activities were assessed. Studies showed that triptolide binding was saturable, reversible, and primarily localized to cell membranes. Depletion of calcium enhanced overall binding while differentially modulating biological function. Furthermore, triptolide's structural moieties demonstrated variability in the regulation of cell death versus inhibition of NFkappaB transactivation. These results implicate triptolide in the manipulation of at least two distinct cellular pathways with differing requirements for calcium and effective triptolide concentration in order to elicit each particular biological function.