Rapid asymmetrical evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeasts

Genetic instability causes very rapid asymmetrical loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the cyh2 locus and loss of killer K2 phenotype in some wine yeasts under the usual laboratory propagation conditions or after long freeze-storage. The direction of this asymmetrical evolution in heterozygous cyh2(R)/CYH2(S) hybrids is determined by the mechanism of asymmetrical LOH. However, the speed of the process is affected by the differences in cell viability between the new homozygous yeasts and the original heterozygous hybrid cells. The concomitant loss of ScV-M2 virus in the LOH process may increase cell viability of cyh2(R)/cyh2(R) yeasts and so favour asymmetrical evolution. The presence of active killer K2 toxin, however, abolishes the asymmetrical evolution of the hybrid populations. This phenomenon may cause important sudden phenotype changes in industrial and pathogenic yeasts.