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Related Experiment Videos

Shoulder torque changes in the swimming athlete.

W C McMaster1, S C Long, V J Caiozzo

  • 1Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine.

The American Journal of Sports Medicine
|May 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

Competitive swimmers exhibit increased shoulder torque production, particularly in adduction and internal rotation, compared to controls. These findings suggest sport-specific training alters shoulder muscle strength dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Shoulder strength is crucial for swimming performance.
  • Repetitive overhead motions in swimming may lead to specific adaptations in shoulder musculature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify shoulder torque production in competitive swimmers.
  • To compare torque in abduction, adduction, external, and internal rotation against controls.
  • To analyze torque ratios indicative of muscle balance.

Main Methods:

  • Torque production was measured using the Cybex II dynamometer.
  • Testing included abduction, adduction, external rotation, and internal rotation.
  • Swimmers' data were compared to a control group.

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Main Results:

  • Swimmers showed significantly higher torque production in most tested shoulder motions.
  • A significant increase in the adduction-to-abduction torque ratio was observed.
  • A significant decrease in the external-to-internal rotation torque ratio was noted.

Conclusions:

  • Competitive swimming training leads to enhanced shoulder torque, especially in adduction and internal rotation.
  • The observed shifts in torque ratios reflect adaptations to sport-specific, repetitive movements.
  • These strength adaptations may influence injury risk and performance in swimmers.