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The Blood-brain Barrier00:49

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells
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Cannabinoids: between neuroprotection and neurotoxicity.

Yosef Sarne1, Raphael Mechoulam

  • 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel. sarney@post.tau.ac.il

Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders
|December 27, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Cannabinoids show potential in protecting the brain and treating neurodegenerative diseases. This review explores their neuroprotective mechanisms, including receptor-dependent and independent pathways, and their dual neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cannabinoids, including delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from cannabis and endogenous compounds like anandamide, exhibit neuroprotective properties.
  • These compounds are implicated in protecting the brain against insults and potentially improving neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review in vivo evidence of cannabinoid neuroprotection.
  • To explore in vitro studies elucidating molecular mechanisms of cannabinoid neuroprotection.
  • To investigate the dual neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of cannabinoids, particularly THC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing in vivo and in vitro scientific literature.
  • Analysis of studies investigating cannabinoid receptor (CB1, CB2) activation.
  • Examination of studies assessing direct neuronal effects versus effects on non-neuronal brain cells.

Main Results:

  • Cannabinoids demonstrate neuroprotection through receptor-dependent and independent pathways.
  • Mechanisms involve direct actions on neurons and indirect effects on non-neuronal brain cells.
  • Cannabinoid neurotoxicity, especially from THC, coexists with neuroprotective actions.

Conclusions:

  • Cannabinoids possess significant neuroprotective potential against various brain insults.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms is crucial for therapeutic development.
  • Further research is needed to differentiate and manage the dual neurotoxic and neuroprotective activities of cannabinoids for effective treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.