Generation and characterization of iron- and barium-loaded liposomes

Previous work (Veiro and Cullis (1990) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1025, 109-115) has shown that Ca2+ can be accumulated into large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) in the presence of a transmembrane pH gradient (inside acidic) and the Ca(2+)-ionophore A23187. Here, the ability of A23187 to mediate the uptake of iron and barium into LUVs has been investigated. It is shown that under appropriate conditions of temperature and A23187 concentration, iron (in the form of Fe2+) can be accumulated into EPC and DSPC/cholesterol (55:45; mol/mol) LUVs with an acidic interior. This uptake is dependent on the internal buffer concentration, with maximum levels of uptake in the range of 300 nmol of cation per mumol lipid. The DSPC-cholesterol LUV systems exhibit superior retention properties compared to the EPC systems. It is demonstrated that Ba2+ can also be loaded by similar methods. It is also shown that the maximally loaded Fe(2+)- and Ba(2+)-containing LUVs exhibit increased densities. This is expressed by enhanced gravimetric properties, as an increased proportion of the loaded LUVs can be pelleted by low speed centrifugation, and by enhanced electron densities, in that the Ba(2+)-loaded systems can be directly visualized employing cryo-electron microscopy.