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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...

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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

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Nonequilibrium quantum phase transition in itinerant electron systems.

¹Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|December 31, 2005

Summary

Voltage bias alters ferromagnetic transitions in one-dimensional systems. Non-equilibrium states reveal mean-field behavior, differing from equilibrium

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Statistical Mechanics
Materials Science

Background:

Ferromagnetic phase transitions are fundamental in magnetic materials.
Understanding non-equilibrium states is crucial for advanced electronic devices.
One-dimensional itinerant electron systems offer simplified models for complex phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of voltage bias on ferromagnetic phase transitions.
To analyze the shift in universality classes under non-equilibrium conditions.
To characterize the critical behavior of a driven one-dimensional itinerant electron system.

Main Methods:

Theoretical modeling of a one-dimensional itinerant electron system.
Application of voltage bias to induce a non-equilibrium steady state.

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Analysis of the second-order ferromagnetic phase transition and its universality class.

Main Results:

The applied voltage bias drives the system into a non-equilibrium steady state with electric current.
The voltage bias modifies the universality class of the second-order ferromagnetic transition.
The non-equilibrium critical point exhibits mean-field behavior, distinct from the equilibrium uniaxial ferroelectric class.

Conclusions:

Voltage bias is a key parameter in controlling phase transitions in magnetic systems.
Non-equilibrium conditions can lead to novel critical phenomena not observed in equilibrium.
Mean-field theory accurately describes the critical behavior in the driven system's non-equilibrium steady state.