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Related Concept Videos

Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary Distribution01:28

Primary Distribution

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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

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Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Direct Tracheal Instillation of Solutes into Mouse Lung
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Direct Tracheal Instillation of Solutes into Mouse Lung

Published on: August 29, 2010

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Primary tracheal tumours.

Paolo Macchiarini1

  • 1Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 170 Villaroel, E-30889 Barcelona. pmacchiarini@clinic.ub.es

The Lancet. Oncology
|January 4, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary tracheal tumors are rare but challenging. Surgical resection offers the best chance for cure in benign and malignant cases, while other treatments are often only palliative.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Pulmonary Medicine

Background:

  • Primary tracheal tumors, both benign and malignant, are rare, accounting for <0.1% of all neoplasms.
  • These tumors present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, with benign types often misdiagnosed as chronic lung conditions, delaying treatment.
  • Malignant tumors frequently present with advanced disease due to rapid growth and symptoms like hemoptysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of primary tracheal tumors.
  • To emphasize the curative potential of surgical resection for primary tracheal tumors.
  • To advocate for surgical intervention over palliative treatments when appropriate.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for primary tracheal tumors.
  • Analysis of outcomes associated with surgical resection versus other local treatments (radiotherapy, stents, debridement, brachytherapy).
  • Evaluation of epidemiological data on treatment trends and survival rates over the past two decades.

Main Results:

  • Surgical resection, including laryngotracheal, tracheal, or carinal resection, combined with radiotherapy, offers curative potential with low perioperative risks.
  • Epidemiological studies show limited use of surgery outside referral centers, with radiotherapy and other local treatments often preferred.
  • Non-surgical treatments are generally palliative, whereas surgery can potentially cure all benign and low-grade malignant tracheal tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Surgery should be strongly considered for primary tracheal tumors, offering the best chance for cure.
  • Non-surgical, palliative treatments should be used judiciously, as they often do not provide a curative option.
  • Increased utilization of surgical resection, particularly in specialized centers, is crucial for improving patient outcomes.