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Mucosal disease series. Number VI. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

S Jurge1, R Kuffer, C Scully

  • 1Oral Medicine, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UK.

Oral Diseases
|January 5, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), or canker sores, are common mouth ulcers. While the exact cause is unknown, genetics and deficiencies play a role, and current treatments are not fully effective.

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Area of Science:

  • Oral Medicine
  • Immunodermatology

Background:

  • Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), also known as canker sores, is a prevalent oral condition affecting individuals worldwide, typically emerging in childhood or adolescence.
  • RAS is characterized by recurrent, painful ulcers with distinct clinical features, including erythematous haloes and yellowish floors.
  • Despite its commonality, the precise etiology of RAS remains elusive, with no identified infectious cause.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS).
  • To review the known etiological factors, clinical presentation, and management of RAS.
  • To highlight the limitations of current therapeutic approaches for RAS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

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  • Analysis of etiological factors including genetics, deficiencies, and external triggers.
  • Evaluation of clinical characteristics and differential diagnoses of RAS.
  • Review of current treatment modalities and their efficacy.

    • Main Results:

    • RAS is not infectious, but shows a genetic predisposition linked to IL-1beta and IL-6 genotypes.
    • Haematinic deficiencies (e.g., iron, vitamin B12) are observed in up to 20% of patients.
    • Smoking cessation can precipitate or worsen RAS in some individuals.
    • Drug-induced ulcers and immune defects can mimic RAS.
    • Topical corticosteroids offer symptomatic relief but do not prevent recurrence.

    Conclusions:

    • The etiology of RAS is multifactorial, involving genetic susceptibility and potential deficiencies.
    • Current treatments for RAS primarily manage symptoms, with recurrence remaining a significant challenge.
    • Further research is needed to develop more effective therapies that address the underlying causes of RAS.