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Toward a comprehensive developmental model for major depression in men.

Kenneth S Kendler1, Charles O Gardner, Carol A Prescott

  • 1Virginia Institute for Psychiatry and Behavioral Genetics and the Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA. kendler@hsc.vcu.edu

The American Journal of Psychiatry
|January 5, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Major depression in men develops through complex, interacting pathways involving internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and adversity over time. Similar to women, these developmental pathways highlight shared and distinct risk factors for depression in males.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Behavioral Genetics

Background:

  • Major depression is a complex disorder with multiple risk factors.
  • Previous research established a developmental model for major depression in women.
  • The specific developmental pathways for major depression in men remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an integrated etiologic model for major depression in men.
  • To identify and analyze risk factors across five developmental tiers.
  • To compare the developmental pathways of major depression in men and women.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized structural equation modeling on data from 2,935 adult male twins.
  • Interviewed participants twice over a 2-4 year period.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Modeled 18 risk factors predicting depressive episodes over one year.

    • Main Results:

    • The final model explained 49% of the variance in liability to depressive episodes.
    • Identified three primary pathways: internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and adversity.
    • Childhood parental loss and low self-esteem were more significant in men; genetic risks had a broader action spectrum in men.

    Conclusions:

    • Major depression in men is etiologically complex, influenced by multifactorial risks acting across developmental time.
    • The developmental pathways for major depression in men share more similarities than differences with those in women.
    • Findings contribute to understanding gender-specific and generalizable etiologies of major depression.