Concentration-dependent effects of titanium and aluminium ions released from thermally oxidized Ti6Al4V alloy on...

Thermal oxidation treatments of Ti6Al4V, at 500 and 700 degrees C, for 1 h result in the formation of an outer "ceramic" layer of rutile, which enhances osteoblast response. In the present study, we have measured in vitro Ti and Al ion release from Ti64 alloy in the as-received state and after thermal oxidation treatments at 500 or 700 degrees C, to culture medium under standard cell-culture conditions. Concentrations of both Ti and Al released from both thermal oxidation treatments were lower than from polished alloy. Al was released from the treated or untreated surfaces in substantially lower extent than Ti. Titanium and aluminium ions affected primary human osteoblast proliferation, metabolic activity, and differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Treatments with individual Ti or Al metal ions in similar concentration ranges than released from the surfaces did not alter osteoblast response, which also remained unaffected after treatments with combinations of Ti plus Al applied in the proportional relations than detected in ion-release experiments. We then selected higher concentrations of Ti that impaired osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, while the proportional lower concentrations of Al did not alter osteoblast behavior. In spite of its inert character, it was found that Al significantly enhanced the deleterious effect of Ti on osteoblast differentiation. Therefore, thermal oxidation treatments of Ti6Al4V alloy may improve the biocompatibility of the alloy by reducing both Ti and Al release, and thus attenuating ion-mediated interference with osteoblast differentiation.