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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
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Growth hormone and its disorders.

J Ayuk1, M C Sheppard

  • 1Division of Medical Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK. j.ayuk@bham.ac.uk

Postgraduate Medical Journal
|January 7, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Growth hormone (GH) affects growth and metabolism. This review covers clinical features, diagnosis, and management of GH excess (gigantism/acromegaly) and deficiency in adults and children.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Physiology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Growth hormone (GH) is crucial for longitudinal growth and metabolic regulation.
  • Secreted by the anterior pituitary, GH impacts protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism.
  • Disruptions in GH secretion lead to significant health issues like gigantism, acromegaly, or growth retardation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide non-pediatric physicians with an overview of GH disorders.
  • To examine the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for GH excess and deficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical features associated with GH hypersecretion and deficiency.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and methods for assessing GH status.

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  • Overview of current therapeutic concepts and management guidelines.

    • Main Results:

    • GH hypersecretion causes gigantism and acromegaly, linked to increased morbidity and mortality.
    • GH deficiency leads to growth retardation in children and a specific syndrome in adults.
    • Effective management strategies exist for both conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding GH's role is vital for diagnosing and managing related endocrine disorders.
    • Timely diagnosis and appropriate management of GH imbalances are essential for patient outcomes.
    • This review aims to enhance clinical practice for non-pediatric physicians managing GH-related conditions.