Lectins and microparticles for enhanced oral vaccination

Oral administration is an attractive means of vaccination since it alleviates the need for injection and trained personnel. Furthermore, effective oral vaccination induces immune responses locally in the gastrointestinal tract, the site of colonisation and infection by many pathogens. However, since most proteins and peptides are degraded in the gut, do not interact specifically with the epithelium, or induce strong immune responses, this route of delivery is generally inefficient. Two of the most promising potential approaches are the use of lectins to target vaccines to the epithelium and the association of vaccines with biodegradable microparticles. This paper describes methods to assess the stability of vaccines and targeting molecules in the gastrointestinal tract, interaction with the mucosa, uptake into internal organs and induction of mucosal antibody responses.