CBF changes associated with focal ischemic preconditioning in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Experimental stroke models exhibit robust protection after prior preconditioning (PC) insults. This study comprehensively examined cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats preconditioned by noninjurious transient focal ischemia, using [(14)C]iodoantipyrine autoradiography at varied occlusion intervals. Preconditioning was produced by 10-min occlusion of the MCA and ipsilateral common carotid artery under halothane anesthesia. These vessels were permanently coagulated 24 h later in naïve, PC, and sham-operated rats. Infarct volumes were determined from hematoxylin-eosin-stained frozen sections after 1 or 3 days. Edema-corrected infarct volume was reduced from 127+/-21 in naïve rats to 101+/-31 and 52+/-28 mm(3) in sham and PC groups, respectively, at 1 day, with similar results at 3 days. All animals exhibited a consistent CBF threshold for infarction (approximately 30 mL/100 g/min). Tissue volumes below this threshold were identical in naïve and PC groups after 15-min occlusion. However, by 3 h the volume of ischemic cortex decreased in the PC group but remained unchanged in naïve rats, predicting final infarct volumes. Cerebral blood flow recovery was confirmed in brains of individual rats evaluated by repeated laser Doppler perfusion imaging during the same 3-h interval. Modest sham protection correlated with better-maintained global perfusion, detectable also in the contralateral cortex, apparently reflecting the PC effects of prior anesthesia. These results establish that timely reperfusion of penumbra, achieved by synergistic mechanisms, is a primary determinant of PC-induced protection in experimental stroke.