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Updated: Aug 13, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
Published on: June 9, 2023
Thyroid cancer review 3: management of medullary and undifferentiated thyroid cancer
P A Nix1, A Nicolaides, A P Coatesworth
1Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, York Hospital, York, UK.
Abstract:
This is the last of the three review articles dealing with thyroid cancer. Over 90% of thyroid cancer is of the differentiated type associated with a very good 10-year disease-free survival rate. In contrast, the rare forms of thyroid cancer which comprise medullary thyroid cancer arising from parafollicluar C cells, Hurthle cell carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, thyroid lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma are typically associated with a poorer survival rate. Management is based upon small retrospective cohort studies.
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