Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 13, 2026
Mouse Kidney Transplantation: Models of Allograft Rejection
Published on: October 11, 2014
Chronic allograft nephropathy
Pankaj Baluja1, Lukas Haragsim, Zoltan Laszik
1Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
With the advent of calcineurin inhibitors, the success of kidney and other solid-organ transplants has improved significantly from the standpoint of reducing the incidence of acute rejection. Over the past 2 decades, both short-term allograft survival and acute rejection rates have dramatically improved with improved diagnostic and therapeutic techniques such as standardized pathology scoring; potent antirejection drugs such as anti-thymocyte globulin, interleukin-2 receptor antibodies, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil; and improved infection control such as valganciclovir and antifungal therapy. However, long-term graft loss has remained at nearly constant levels over the same period of time, with the average half-life of a deceased-donor kidney transplant in the United States remaining approximately 1 decade. In addition to death with a functioning allograft and calcineurin toxicity, a chronic fibrotic process-known at various times as chronic rejection, chronic allograft dysfunction, and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN)-account for the leading causes of transplant failure.
With the advent of calcineurin inhibitors, the success of kidney and other solid-organ transplants has improved significantly from the standpoint of reducing the incidence of acute rejection. Over the past 2 decades, both short-term allograft survival and acute rejection rates have dramatically improved with improved diagnostic and therapeutic techniques such as standardized pathology scoring; potent antirejection drugs such as anti-thymocyte globulin, interleukin-2 receptor antibodies, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil; and improved infection control such as valganciclovir and antifungal therapy. However, long-term graft loss has remained at nearly constant levels over the same period of time, with the average half-life of a deceased-donor kidney transplant in the United States remaining approximately 1 decade. In addition to death with a functioning allograft and calcineurin toxicity, a chronic fibrotic process-known at various times as chronic rejection, chronic allograft dysfunction, and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN)-account for the leading causes of transplant failure.
Related Concept Videos
01:28Diabetic Nephropathy
01:29Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations
01:28Kidney Transplant I: Introduction
01:26Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure
01:25Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction
01:24Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...