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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

FM Dye Cycling at the Synapse: Comparing High Potassium Depolarization, Electrical and Channelrhodopsin Stimulation
08:31

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Published on: May 24, 2018

Temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants: insights into the synaptic vesicle cycle.

N Vijayakrishnan1, K Broadie

  • 1Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Nashville, TN 37235-1634, USA.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|January 19, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The rolling blackout (rbo) mutant reveals a pre-synaptic lipase essential for synaptic vesicle cycling and neurotransmission. This enzyme regulates lipid signaling crucial for neuronal communication strength.

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Last Updated: Jul 27, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Forward genetic screens in Drosophila identify proteins critical for neurotransmission.
  • Temperature-sensitive (TS) paralytic mutants highlight proteins acutely required for neuronal signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review insights into the rolling blackout (rbo) TS paralytic mutant.
  • To explore the role of the RBO protein in synaptic vesicle (SV) cycling and neurotransmission.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a recently cloned TS paralytic mutant, rbo (rolling blackout).
  • Investigating the function of a putative integral pre-synaptic plasma membrane lipase.

Main Results:

  • The rbo mutant identifies a lipase essential for the synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle.
  • RBO is crucial for phospholipase C signaling in phototransduction.
  • Lipid-modifying enzymes regulate neurotransmission strength by controlling lipid microenvironments.

Conclusions:

  • RBO may regulate fusogenic lipids like phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and diacylglycerol.
  • These lipids could modulate membrane properties or activate proteins mediating SV exocytosis.
  • Lipid-modifying enzymes are key regulators of neurotransmission strength.