Measurement of protein glycation, glycated peptides, and glycation free adducts

Protein glycation adducts, early glycation adducts, such as N(epsilon)-fructosyl-lysine, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are uremic toxins. Glycation adducts are found in plasma and tissue proteins (glycation adduct residues), in peptides (glycation adduct peptide residues), and glycated amino acids (glycation free adducts). The latter two analyte groups arise from proteolysis of glycated proteins and glycation of peptides and amino acids. Quantitation of glycation adducts in uremia is difficult because of the presence of many different AGEs at low concentrations in different forms in the presence of many potential interferences. Application of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) detection to plasma, urine, and dialysate samples of uremic patients has provided a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of glycation adducts in uremia. Glycation free adducts accumulate markedly in the plasma of uremic patients and are eliminated in the peritoneal dialysate. Multiple glycation adducts, and also protein oxidation and nitration adducts, may be quantified concurrently. Glycation free adducts are the major form of glycation adduct eliminated in dialysate. LC-MS/MS may now be used to quantify concentrations, extents of protein modification, clearances, and excretion rates of glycation adducts in uremia.