Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Respiration and Gaseous Exchange01:20

Respiration and Gaseous Exchange

The intricate interplay between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is crucial for efficiently transporting respiratory gases throughout the body. Let us explore the cardiovascular system's multifaceted functions, emphasizing its pivotal role in gas exchange.
Respiration involves the exchange of gases, especially oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the alveoli and body cells, a process facilitated by blood circulation. As a result, the cardiovascular system, which involves the...
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated. Under...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Correction: Influence of strontium ions incorporated into nanosheet-pore topographical titanium substrates on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells <i>in vitro</i> and on osseointegration <i>in vivo</i>.

Journal of materials chemistry. B·2026
Same author

Correction: Nanosheet-pore topographical titanium substrates: a biophysical regulator of the fate of mesenchymal stem cells.

Journal of materials chemistry. B·2026
Same author

Water-Splitting-Suppressed High-Capacity Bipolar Electrodes Enabled by Topochemical Electron Buffering for Symmetric Aqueous Batteries.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Hybrid Seeding-Template Modulation of Sn-Pb Perovskite Crystallization for High-Efficiency All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Polystyrene nanoparticles stimulate the growth and microcystin synthesis of Microcystis aeruginosa.

Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

Chikungunya virus nsP2: Insights into viral replication, pathogenesis, and therapeutic targeting.

Virulence·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
05:45

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Published on: November 2, 2015

Chronic hypoxia and the cerebral circulation.

Kui Xu1, Joseph C Lamanna

  • 1Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve Univ., 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4930, USA.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|January 20, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Mild hypoxia initially boosts cerebral blood flow (CBF) but then decreases as oxygen-carrying capacity rises. Hypoxia also triggers brain angiogenesis by increasing capillary density over two weeks.

More Related Videos

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
09:54

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice
09:13

Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice

Published on: July 11, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
05:45

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Published on: November 2, 2015

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
09:54

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice
09:13

Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice

Published on: July 11, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cardiovascular Science

Background:

  • Mammals, including humans, exhibit a distinct cerebrovascular response to mild hypoxia.
  • Initial exposure leads to a significant increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF).
  • This response is modulated by factors like arterial Pco2 and hyperventilation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow and brain angiogenesis during prolonged hypoxic exposure.
  • To elucidate the distinct control mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in these adaptive responses.
  • To understand the relationship between blood oxygen-carrying capacity and tissue hypoxia in the brain.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) dynamics.
  • Assessment of arterial Pco2 levels and ventilatory responses.
  • Measurement of hemoglobin concentration and packed red cell volume.
  • Evaluation of brain capillary density and intercapillary distances after 2 weeks of hypoxic exposure.

Main Results:

  • CBF initially doubles but is blunted by decreasing arterial Pco2 due to hyperventilation.
  • Over days, CBF decreases towards baseline as erythropoietin upregulates, increasing oxygen-carrying capacity.
  • Within 2 weeks, brain capillary density increases, reducing intercapillary distances, indicating angiogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Cerebral blood flow adaptation to hypoxia is primarily linked to changes in blood oxygen-carrying capacity.
  • Hypoxia-induced brain angiogenesis appears to be a response to local tissue hypoxia.
  • Distinct control signals and mechanisms regulate the temporal dynamics of CBF and angiogenesis.