Voluntary counseling and testing by nurse counselors: what is the role of routine repeated testing after a negative result?
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Updated: Aug 13, 2026

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
Published on: January 17, 2025
Ronnie Matambo1, Ethel Dauya, Junior Mutswanga
1Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Abstract:
Three hundred eighty-eight human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative clients in Zimbabwe were retested at 3 months using 2 parallel rapid tests. One operator error (risk, 0.26%; 95% confidence interval, 0.0065%-1.4%) and no "true" seroconversions (upper 95% confidence limit, 0.96%) were detected. High-risk behavior was not significantly reduced. Policies recommending routine retesting need to be reconsidered.
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