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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
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Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
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Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

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Avian influenza.

Tsung-Zu Wu1, Li-Min Huang

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Branch for Women and Children, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Chang Gung Medical Journal
|January 21, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Avian influenza viruses can cause pandemics by adapting to infect human respiratory cells. Early detection and control measures are crucial, as vaccines and containment are delayed.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Influenza A virus poses a pandemic threat, with avian strains like H5N1 causing severe human illness and mortality.
  • Human and avian influenza viruses exhibit distinct cellular receptor binding preferences, influencing host specificity.
  • Recent findings indicate avian influenza viruses can infect human ciliated bronchial cells, a key step towards adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the molecular mechanisms and cellular interactions underlying avian influenza virus adaptation to human hosts.
  • To assess the pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses based on their receptor binding characteristics.
  • To highlight the implications for pandemic preparedness and control strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of influenza virus receptor binding specificities (2-3 vs. 2-6 sialic acid linkages).
  • Review of epidemiological data on avian influenza outbreaks in humans (e.g., H5N1).
  • Examination of cellular tropism in human respiratory tissues.

Main Results:

  • Avian influenza viruses bind to Neu5Ac(alpha2-3)Gal receptors, while human influenza viruses bind to Neu5Ac(alpha2-6)Gal receptors.
  • Human bronchial ciliated epithelial cells possess Neu5Ac(alpha2-3)Gal, allowing avian influenza virus infection.
  • Avian influenza viruses currently cannot infect non-ciliated bronchial epithelial cells, indicating a barrier to efficient human-to-human transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Adaptation to non-ciliated human bronchial cells is essential for avian influenza viruses to emerge as pandemic strains.
  • Pandemic influenza containment is challenging due to rapid spread and delayed vaccine availability (6-12 months).
  • Antiviral agents and stringent public health measures are critical for mitigating the impact of future influenza pandemics.