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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle (Mercynorrhina torquata)
10:17

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle (Mercynorrhina torquata)

Published on: September 2, 2016

A greedy promoter controls malarial var-iations.

Artur Scherf1

  • 1Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite CNRS-URA 2581, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. ascherf@pasteur.fr

Cell
|January 28, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Malaria parasites like Plasmodium falciparum evade immunity using mutually exclusive var gene expression. A new study shows a var promoter construct can enforce this single-gene expression, a key mechanism for immune evasion.

Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, evade the host immune system through a mechanism called antigenic variation.
  • This variation relies on the mutually exclusive expression of genes from the var gene family, which encode parasite surface proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether a transcriptionally active var promoter is sufficient to drive allelic exclusion of endogenous var genes in Plasmodium falciparum.
  • To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying immune evasion strategies employed by malaria parasites.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a genetic construct containing a transcriptionally active var promoter.
  • Introduced this construct into Plasmodium falciparum parasites.
  • Analyzed the expression patterns of endogenous var genes in the modified parasites.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle (Mercynorrhina torquata)
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Experimental Investigation of the Hierarchical Control in DC Microgrids Using a Real-time Simulator
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Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that the presence of the engineered construct was sufficient to enforce the mutually exclusive expression of a single endogenous var gene.
  • Confirmed that the var promoter plays a crucial role in regulating allelic exclusion.

Conclusions:

  • A single transcriptionally active var promoter is sufficient to control the mutually exclusive expression of endogenous var genes.
  • This finding provides critical insights into the molecular basis of Plasmodium falciparum immune evasion and potential targets for intervention.