[Methods for transcriptome and proteome research: applications for studying the biology of reproduction in cattle]

Improvements of animal health, welfare and product quality are major goals of modern animal breeding. Thus, in addition to the classical production traits, functional traits such as disease resistance, fertility and longevity moved into the center of animal breeder's interests. Due to their low heritability, the improvement of functional traits using conventional approaches of phenotypic testing and quantitative genetics is difficult. A number of studies have been conducted worldwide in various species to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and to identify genetic markers for health traits. This has revealed a plethora of chromosome regions which may harbor genes with relevance for animal health. Functional genome research integrates holistic investigations at the level of the genome, at the level of gene activity (transcriptome, proteome) and at various levels of phenotypic expression. The integration of all these levels of information provides the basis for the functional dissection of complex traits. This review provides an overview of the most important strategies for holistic transcriptome and proteome analyses. The successful application of these techniques is exemplified by our studies of bovine reproductive biology.