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Related Concept Videos

Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Type IV Collagen of Basal Lamina01:05

Type IV Collagen of Basal Lamina

Type IV collagen is a 400 nm long, network-forming collagen that acts as a barrier between the epithelial and endothelial cells. Type IV collagen  forms the backbone of the basement membrane by scaffolding with laminin, entactin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. Apart from rendering structural support to the basement membrane, it also helps entail signaling potentials necessary for both pathological and physiological functions.
A type IV collagen molecule has six alpha chains which can exist in...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells
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4. Autoimmunity, vasculitis, and autoantibodies.

Susan J Lee1, Arthur Kavanaugh

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, and the Center for Innovative Therapy, the University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|February 4, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune diseases involve immune system attacks on the body, causing inflammation and organ damage. Advances in understanding immunopathogenesis have led to new therapies improving patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pathology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens.
  • The precise initiating antigens are often unknown, but immune response components and influencing factors are increasingly understood.
  • These chronic conditions lead to inflammation-related organ damage and dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of autoimmune diseases.
  • To highlight advancements in identifying contributing factors and immune system changes.
  • To discuss the impact of new therapies on patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on autoimmune diseases.
  • Analysis of immune system alterations and influencing factors.
  • Evaluation of novel immunomodulatory therapies and treatment paradigms.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding the propagation and sustenance of autoimmune disorders.
  • Hormonal, environmental, and physiological factors influencing disease expression have been identified.
  • Autoantibodies are common, serving as pathogenic factors or markers for organ involvement.
  • Classification criteria have improved disease distinction and stratification.
  • Novel therapies have substantially improved patient outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding immunopathogenesis is key to developing effective treatments for autoimmune diseases.
  • Advances in classification and therapy have significantly improved the management of these conditions.
  • Continued research into autoimmune diseases promises further therapeutic innovations.