Long-term results after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for locally advanced resectable extraperitoneal rectal cancer

This study was designed to evaluate long-term outcome in locally advanced resectable extraperitoneal rectal cancer treated by preoperative radiochemotherapy.

Eighty-three consecutive patients who developed locally advanced resectable extraperitoneal rectal cancer underwent preoperative concomitant radiochemotherapy followed by surgery, including total mesorectal excision.

Median follow-up was 108 (range, 10-169) months. The living patients underwent complete follow-up of, at least, nine years. Fourteen patients developed local recurrence. The time to detection was longer than two years in eight cases and longer than five years in four. Twenty-one patients developed metastases, 19 within the first five years from surgery. At the univariate analysis, clinical stage at presentation, lymph node involvement at clinical restaging after neoadjuvant therapy, and pT and pN stage were found positively correlated to the incidence of metastases. At the multivariate analysis, the only factors which confirmed a positive correlation were pT stage and pN stage. The actuarial overall survival at five, seven, and ten years was 75.5, 67.8, and 60.4 percent, respectively. The same figures for cancer-related survival were 77.9, 70, and 65.8 percent. At the univariate analysis, factors directly correlated with worse survival were: TNM stage at clinical restaging after neoadjuvant therapy (in particular lymph node involvement) pTNM, pT, and pN. At the multivariate analysis the only factors that confirmed a correlation with worse survival were pTNM, pT, and pN.

Long- term follow-up allows to individuate 28 percent of all local relapses after the first five years from surgery. Postoperative stage is highly predictive of prognosis.