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Updated: Aug 11, 2026

Enhanced Oil Recovery using a Combination of Biosurfactants
Published on: June 3, 2022
Shamrock surfactants with terminal carboxylate headgroups and a central phosphorodithioate or quaternary ammonium
David A Jaeger1, Alvaro Mendoza, Robert P Apkarian
1Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA. DAJ@uwyo.edu
Abstract:
Surfactants 3 (tripotassium O,O'-di-[11-(carboxylato)undecyl]phosphorodithioate) and 4 (sodium 12-[dimethyl-(11-carboxylatoundecyl)ammonio]dodecanoate), which are new shamrock surfactants, were prepared and characterized. Shamrock surfactants represent a novel class of surfactants that contain a central headgroup connected to two flanking headgroups by hydrocarbon chains; they do not contain long-chain alkyl groups. Surfactants 3 and 4 were characterized in water by measurement of their Krafft temperatures and critical aggregation concentrations, and their aggregates were studied by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, dynamic laser light scattering, and phase-contrast optical microscopy. Aqueous 3 and 4 were also studied by cryoetch high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, which revealed fences with interposed lacelike patterns for the former and compartments formed by irregular fences for the latter. Coacervates were likely formed upon the undisturbed hydration of 3 and 4, as determined by phase-contrast optical microscopy.
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