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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which are...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating02:48

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Microbial Corrosion01:24

Microbial Corrosion

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a significant form of material degradation caused by the metabolic activities of microorganisms. This phenomenon poses substantial challenges across various industries, including oil and gas, maritime, and water treatment sectors.MIC occurs when microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, and fungi, colonize metal surfaces, forming biofilms that alter the local electrochemical environment. These biofilms can lead to the production of corrosive...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation
07:44

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation

Published on: March 15, 2017

Initial corrosion observed on the atomic scale.

F U Renner1, A Stierle, H Dosch

  • 1Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. renner@esrf.fr

Nature
|February 10, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed the initial stages of alloy corrosion using atomic-scale X-ray diffraction. They revealed a surprising gold-enriched layer formation, crucial for understanding nanoporous metal templating.

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation
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Imaging Corrosion at the Metal-Paint Interface Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
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Imaging Corrosion at the Metal-Paint Interface Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Published on: May 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Corrosion causes significant global economic losses (over 3% of GDP).
  • Electrochemical decomposition of alloys is a key method for producing advanced porous materials.
  • Understanding atomistic surface processes during electrocorrosion is vital for controlling material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide atomic-scale insights into the initial stages of alloy electrocorrosion.
  • To elucidate the mechanism behind a previously unclear passivation phenomenon.
  • To understand the structure formation leading to nanoporous metal templates.

Main Methods:

  • In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) with picometre-scale resolution.
  • Monitoring the electrolyte/alloy interface structure and composition during decomposition.
  • Studying a model Cu3Au (111) single crystal alloy in sulphuric acid.

Main Results:

  • Observed the formation of a two-to-three monolayer, gold-enriched single-crystal layer with an inverted (CBA-) stacking sequence.
  • Revealed microscopic structural changes associated with alloy passivation.
  • Demonstrated that at higher potentials, the passivation layer dewets, forming pure gold islands that serve as templates for nanoporous metal growth.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides unprecedented atomic-scale understanding of alloy electrocorrosion and passivation.
  • The findings offer insights applicable to various alloys, including stainless steel and marine alloys.
  • This work paves the way for controlled fabrication of nanoporous metals using templating strategies.