[A two-stage translation and test the validity and reliability of a foreign instrument]

Examination of the reliability and validity of research tools is an important process in nursing research. As all scales are developed on the basis of a specific set of concepts or application to a specific population, great care must be taken in the translation and handling of questionnaires developed in different languages or, in particular, by people from different cultures. Only after passing through an integral process of repetitive translation and reliability/validity examinations can they be regarded as accurate research tools and be widely utilized. This study exercises Brislin's revised Translation Model to overcome cross-cultural differences, and also uses a new research tool developed overseas, the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES), as an example for explaining the two-stage design of the translation and reliability/validity process. The First Stage is the translation stage, which involves forward translation, consensus meetings, backward translation, and review by potential users. The Second Stage involves psychometric analysis, which includes validity and reliability testing. Such careful processes should reveal the problems encountered when adopting foreign scales for domestic use, and thereby increase the "nativeness" and adaptability of these scales.