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Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device
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Clostridial enteric infections in pigs.

J Glenn Songer1, Francisco A Uzal

  • 1Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc
|February 16, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing enteric clostridial infections in swine requires careful evaluation. Clostridium perfringens types A and C and Clostridium difficile diagnosis relies on pathogen isolation and toxin detection, with type A remaining challenging.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Microbiology
  • Swine Pathology
  • Bacterial Enteric Diseases

Background:

  • Clostridium perfringens types A and C and Clostridium difficile are key enteric pathogens in swine.
  • Diagnosis of C. perfringens type C enteritis is based on clinical signs and confirmed by isolating the bacteria or detecting beta toxin.
  • Diagnosing C. perfringens type A infection is difficult due to its presence in healthy animals and the controversial role of alpha toxin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify diagnostic criteria for enteric clostridial infections in swine.
  • To evaluate the role of beta2 toxin-producing Clostridium perfringens type A in porcine disease.
  • To define diagnostic approaches for Clostridium difficile enteritis in pigs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical, clinical, gross, and microscopic findings for presumptive diagnosis.

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  • Bacteriological isolation of Clostridium perfringens types A and C from intestinal contents.
  • Detection of beta toxin and beta2 toxin (CPB2) and its encoding gene (cpb2) in C. perfringens isolates.
  • Detection of Clostridium difficile toxins in feces or intestinal contents.

    • Main Results:

    • Isolation of large numbers of type C C. perfringens and/or beta toxin confirms type C enteritis.
    • Isolation of large numbers of type A C. perfringens without other pathogens is the most reliable diagnostic criterion for type A infection.
    • The role of beta2 toxin (CPB2) in porcine enteric disease requires further definition, though C. perfringens carrying cpb2 has been isolated.
    • Clostridium difficile diagnosis relies on detecting its toxins in the gut.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate diagnosis of swine enteric clostridial diseases requires specific isolation and toxin detection methods.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of CPB2 in porcine C. perfringens type A infections.
    • Standardized diagnostic approaches are crucial for managing these economically significant swine diseases.