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P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
Field Effect Transistor01:29

Field Effect Transistor

Field-effect transistors (FETs) are integral to electronic circuits and distinguished by their three-terminal setup: the gate, drain, and source. These transistors operate as unipolar devices, which utilize either electrons or holes as charge carriers, in contrast to bipolar transistors, which use both types of carriers. The primary function of the FET is to modulate the flow of these carriers from the source to the drain through a channel. The voltage difference between the gate and source...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping
14:58

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

Published on: June 3, 2015

Large area liquid crystal monodomain field-effect transistors.

Albert J J M van Breemen1, Peter T Herwig, Ceciel H T Chlon

  • 1TNO Science and Industry, De Rondom 1, P. O. Box 6235, 5600 HE Eindhoven, The Netherlands. albert.vanbreemen@tno.nl

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 16, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized liquid-crystalline organic semiconductors and processed them into self-assembled films. Monodomain formation significantly enhanced charge carrier mobility in field-effect transistors, achieving a tenfold increase.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic electronics
  • Materials science
  • Semiconductor physics

Background:

  • Liquid-crystalline organic semiconductors offer tunable properties for electronic applications.
  • Controlling molecular ordering in thin films is crucial for optimizing charge transport.
  • Self-assembly and annealing techniques are key for developing ordered semiconductor structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel liquid-crystalline organic semiconductors with varying alkyl chain lengths.
  • To investigate the structural, optical, and electrical properties of self-assembled monodomain films.
  • To evaluate the performance of these materials in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs).

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of butyl, hexyl, and decyl derivatives of 5,5''-bis(5-alkyl-2-thienylethynyl)-2,2':5',2''-terthiophene.
  • Optimized thermal annealing for creating self-assembled monodomain films.
  • X-ray diffractometry, UV/vis absorption spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for structural and optical analysis.
  • Time-of-flight (TOF) measurements and fabrication of top-gate field-effect transistors for electrical characterization.

Main Results:

  • Hexyl and decyl derivatives formed large-area (up to 150 mm) self-assembled monodomain films.
  • X-ray diffraction confirmed single-crystalline monoclinic morphology with molecules tilted at ~50 degrees.
  • UV/vis spectroscopy indicated H-aggregation with a high dichroic ratio (19), and AFM showed self-affinity.
  • Bipolar charge transport was observed, with hole mobilities up to 0.02 cm²/Vs and electron mobilities around 0.002 cm²/Vs.
  • Monodomain OFETs exhibited anisotropic hole mobilities up to 0.02 cm²/Vs, a 10x improvement over multidomain devices.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized annealing enables the formation of highly ordered, single-crystalline organic semiconductor films.
  • Molecular packing and orientation in monodomain films significantly enhance charge carrier mobility.
  • These liquid-crystalline materials are promising for high-performance, large-area organic electronic devices.