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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

Antigen Processing Pathways

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

Expression of MHC II genes.

G Drozina¹, J Kohoutek, N Jabrane-Ferrat

¹Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA. matija@itsa.ucsf.edu

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

|February 17, 2006

Summary

The class II transactivator (CIITA) is crucial for MHC II gene transcription, regulating immune responses. Understanding CIITA

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Innate and adaptive immunity are linked through antigen processing and presentation (APP).
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules present antigens to CD4+ T cells, orchestrating immune responses.
MHC class II gene transcription is regulated by the MHC II enhanceosome and transcriptosome.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the role of the class II transactivator (CIITA) as the master regulator of MHC II transcription.
To explore the regulation of CIITA expression and its isoforms.
To highlight the significance of CIITA in immune response regulation and its implications in diseases.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on antigen processing and presentation.

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Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

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Published on: February 28, 2019

Assessing the Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I on Primary Murine Hippocampal Neurons by Flow Cytometry

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Published on: May 19, 2020

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

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Published on: October 15, 2021

Analysis of the molecular mechanisms regulating MHC class II gene transcription.

Examination of CIITA's role in various cell types and its regulation.

Main Results:

CIITA is the key regulator of MHC II transcription, essential for CD4+ T cell activation.
CIITA exists in three isoforms, with expression varying by cell type and induction.
CIITA regulation involves transcriptional and post-translational modifications, requiring further clarification.

Conclusions:

CIITA plays a central role in immune system regulation by controlling MHC II expression.
Dysregulation of CIITA is implicated in diseases such as cancer and autoimmunity.
Further understanding of CIITA can lead to novel therapeutic strategies for immune-related disorders.