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Updated: Aug 11, 2026

Cationic Nanoemulsion-Encapsulated Retinoic Acid as an Adjuvant to Promote OVA-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Responses
Published on: February 23, 2024
Novel approaches to pediatric vaccine delivery
Derek T O'Hagan1, Rino Rappuoli
1Chiron Vaccines, 4560 Horton Street M/S 4.3, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA. derek_o'hagan@chiron.com
Abstract:
Although currently available vaccines represent an outstanding success story in modern medicine and have had a dramatic effect on morbidity and mortality worldwide, it is clear that improvements in vaccine delivery are required. Vaccine delivery improvements may include the addition of novel injectable adjuvants, or the use of novel routes of delivery, including mucosal immunization. Mucosal delivery may be required to provide protection against pathogens that infect at mucosal sites, including sexually transmitted diseases. Alternatively, novel approaches to delivery, including mucosal administration, may be used to improve compliance for existing vaccines. Of particular interest for safer mass immunization are needle-free delivery devices, which would avoid problems due to needle re-use in many parts of the world, or needle-stick injuries.
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