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Nitric oxide signaling in plants.

Allan D Shapiro1

  • 1Biotechnology Program, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers Florida 33965-6565, USA.

Vitamins and Hormones
|February 24, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Plants utilize four nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes for various functions, including stress responses and development. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in plant signaling and physiological processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Plants possess four nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, with NOS1 localized to mitochondria and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to chloroplasts.
  • Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis occurs via nitrite-dependent pathways involving nitrate reductase or plasma membrane enzymes, and can also happen nonenzymatically.
  • NO's oxidation and reaction pathways are complex, with direct targets including metalloenzymes and metal complexes, and involvement in signaling cascades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the diverse roles and mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO) in plant physiology.
  • To identify the specific NOS enzymes and pathways involved in NO synthesis and function.
  • To understand NO's contribution to plant development and responses to environmental stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic prediction of peroxisomal and apoplastic NOS enzymes.
  • Analysis of nitrite-dependent NO synthesis pathways.
  • Investigation of NO's interaction with metalloenzymes and cellular processes like electron transport.

Main Results:

  • Four NOS enzymes identified in plants, with specific localizations (mitochondrial, chloroplastic, predicted peroxisomal/apoplastic).
  • NO modulates apoplastic catalases/ascorbate peroxidases, influences chloroplast/mitochondrial electron transport, and suppresses Fenton chemistry.
  • NO signaling involves cGMP, cADPR, and calcium release, crucial for drought/ABA-induced stomatal closure and hypersensitive response.

Conclusions:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) is a vital signaling molecule in plants, regulating development and stress responses.
  • Specific NOS enzymes and pathways are critical for NO production and function in various physiological processes.
  • NO's interaction with diverse targets underlies its broad impact on plant life, from photosynthesis to defense.

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