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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification01:27

Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification

Adrenergic receptors, or adrenoceptors, respond to the autonomic neurotransmitter noradrenaline and other endogenous catecholamine agonists. They are classified into two main families, α and β, based on their pharmacological response and are further subdivided depending on their location, elicited response, and affinity to specific agonists or antagonists.
α-Adrenoceptors
α-Adrenoceptors are classified into two main subtypes: α1 and α2. The α1 adrenoceptors, which are found on postsynaptic...
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase C—inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate...
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors have equal affinities for...
Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents

Drugs that mimic the action of endogenous catecholamines like noradrenaline and adrenaline are called adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics. Based on their mechanism of action, sympathomimetics can be classified as direct-, indirect-, or mixed-acting sympathomimetics. Direct-acting adrenergic agonists activate adrenoceptors without affecting presynaptic neurons, making them independent of neuronal catecholamine-depleting agents like reserpine and guanethidine.
These agents can be classified...
Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of ɑ-Receptor Blockers01:17

Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of ɑ-Receptor Blockers

Adrenergic antagonists, or sympatholytics, inhibit adrenoceptor activation driven by catecholamines or agonists. Based on their adrenoceptor specificity, adrenergic blockers can be categorized into two primary groups: α-adrenergic blockers (α-blockers) and β-adrenergic blockers (β-blockers). α-blockers interact with α1 and α2 subtypes of α-adrenoceptors.
Nonselective α-blockers: Nonselective α-blockers contain haloalkylamine or imidazoline moieties. Phenoxybenzamine, with a haloalkylamine...
Sympathetic Signaling01:31

Sympathetic Signaling

Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) onto the ganglionic neurons in the...

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Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology
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Functional alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes in human submandibular glands.

Z Huang1, L L Wu, Y Y Zhang

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Zhong Guan Cun South St. 22, 100081 Beijing, PRC.

Journal of Dental Research
|February 25, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Human submandibular glands express alpha(1A)- and alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors, crucial for regulating saliva production. These receptors are found in ductal and acinar cells, influencing gland function.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Alpha(1)-adrenoceptors are vital for physiological functions across human tissues.
  • Understanding their role in salivary glands is key to comprehending gland regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression, distribution, and function of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes in human submandibular glands.
  • To determine the specific subtypes present and their cellular localization.

Main Methods:

  • Reverse-transcription/polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR) for mRNA detection.
  • Western blotting for protein analysis.
  • In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for localization.
  • Confocal microscopy to assess intracellular calcium changes.

Main Results:

  • Alpha(1A)- and alpha(1B)-adrenoceptor mRNAs and proteins were detected in human submandibular glands.
  • These receptors were localized in both ductal and acinar cells.
  • Stimulation with agonists increased intracellular calcium, indicating functional activity.

Conclusions:

  • Functional alpha(1A)- and alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors are expressed in human submandibular glands.
  • These receptors likely play a role in regulating saliva synthesis and secretion.