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Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. History and recent developments
Developments in Biological Standardization
|January 1, 1975
Summary
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus causes severe respiratory illness in cattle. Vaccines are available, but vaccinated animals may still shed the virus without showing symptoms.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Virology
- Bovine Herpesvirus Research
Background:
- Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, a herpesvirus, causes significant upper respiratory tract disease in cattle.
- IBR is serologically identical to the infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) virus, which affects the genital tract.
Observation:
- The IPV virus may have evolved increased respiratory virulence through rapid passages in dense cattle populations.
- IBR was first isolated in the USA in 1955/1956, while IPV was described in Europe in the 1920s.
Findings:
- Both live attenuated and killed vaccines for IBR exist, administered parenterally, intramuscularly, or via nasal spray.
- Vaccination induces immunity within 3 weeks, but challenged animals may shed the virus asymptomatically.
- Local administration of live vaccines stimulates respiratory tract interferon production, unlike parenteral vaccination.
Implications:
- Understanding IBR and IPV's relationship and pathogenesis is crucial for effective disease control in cattle.
- Asymptomatic viral shedding post-vaccination highlights the need for ongoing surveillance and potentially improved vaccine strategies.
- The differential immune response (interferon production) to vaccine administration routes warrants further investigation for optimizing cattle respiratory health.