Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 11, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
Published on: August 13, 2019
Hormone replacement therapy with estradiol and drospirenone: an overview of the clinical data
1King's College Hospital, London, UK. malcolm.whitehead@btconnect.com
Abstract:
A new form of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy has become available that contains estradiol and drospirenone as the progestogen component. Drospirenone is a synthetic progestogen, the only one in hormone replacement therapy in the UK that possesses clinically relevant anti-mineralocorticoid activity. The combination of estradiol and drospirenone has been shown to provide relief from estrogen-deficiency symptoms of the menopause. It also helps to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women by increasing bone density. Further, it has been shown to provide protection against endometrial hyperplasia associated with unopposed estrogen therapy.
Related Concept Videos
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle. At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems
Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview
The pharmaceutical phase focuses on leveraging the physicochemical properties of the drug to design and manufacture an effective product. Variants include orally administered tablets or capsules, topical creams or ointments, and parenteral-delivery solutions or emulsions.
The pharmacokinetic phase...
Birth Control Methods
Hormonal Regulation

