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Understanding and avoiding antiretroviral adverse events
Sandra Shibuyama1, Anna Gevorkyan, Unsil Yoo
1Western University of Health Sciences College of Pharmacy, 309 E 2nd St, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
|March 7, 2006
Summary
Antiretroviral drugs for HIV/AIDS treatment can cause various adverse drug reactions. This review details common and individual side effects, emphasizing prevention and management strategies for better patient outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacology
- Infectious Diseases
- Clinical Medicine
Background:
- Antiretroviral therapy is crucial for managing HIV/AIDS.
- Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common and challenging to manage.
- Identifying the exact cause of ADRs can be difficult.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review class-wide and individual side effects of antiretroviral agents.
- To discuss prevention and management strategies for HIV-related ADRs.
- To explore mechanisms of action leading to specific adverse events.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of antiretroviral drug classes and their associated side effects.
- Discussion of specific adverse reactions, including hypersensitivity, CNS effects, and metabolic changes.
- Analysis of prevention and treatment approaches for managing antiretroviral ADRs.
Main Results:
- Nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are associated with lactic acidosis, peripheral neuropathy, and lipoatrophy.
- Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors can cause rash and hepatotoxicity; efavirenz has unique CNS reactions.
- Protease inhibitors may lead to hyperglycemia, lipoaccumulation, dyslipidemia, and GI intolerance; specific agents like indinavir, ritonavir, and atazanavir have distinct side effects.
Conclusions:
- Antiretrovirals represent a breakthrough in HIV/AIDS treatment.
- ADRs range from mild to life-threatening, often making etiological determination difficult.
- Effective monitoring, treatment, and prevention of antiretroviral side effects are essential.