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Updated: Aug 10, 2026

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion
Published on: May 26, 2022
Resistant or difficult-to-treat hypertension
1Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Center for Sleep/Wake Disorders, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. dcalhoun@uab.edu
Abstract:
Resistant hypertension, defined as uncontrolled hypertension on three medications, is becoming an increasingly common problem. In most cases, blood pressure remains elevated because of persistently high systolic blood pressure levels. Common characteristics of patients with resistant hypertension include older age, obesity, excessive dietary salt ingestion, and presence of sleep apnea. The evaluation of patients with resistant hypertension is focused on identifying contributing and secondary causes of hypertension. Treatment should include both lifestyle changes (weight loss, exercise, dietary salt restriction) and the use of effective multidrug regimens, including a diuretic. Recent data indicate that aldosterone antagonists may be effective when added to existing antihypertensive regimens even in the absence of primary aldosteronism.
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