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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

[Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome].

O Sardón Prado1, E González Pérez-Yarza, A Aldasoro Ruiz

  • 1Unidad de Neumología, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain. osardon@chdo.osakidetza.net

Anales De Pediatria (Barcelona, Spain : 2003)
|March 11, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Childhood obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is common, affecting 74.5% of analyzed patients. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the primary cause, and respiratory polygraphy effectively diagnoses this condition.

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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Acupoint Application Combined with Ear Plaster Therapy for Treating Sleep Disorders with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Published on: October 18, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Otorhinolaryngology

Context:

  • Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is a frequent cause of upper airway obstruction in children.
  • Clinical suspicion of sleep-disordered breathing necessitates accurate diagnostic methods.
  • Understanding the prevalence and characteristics of childhood obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is crucial for effective management.

Purpose:

  • To determine the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in a pediatric cohort.
  • To identify the primary causes of OSAHS in children, focusing on adenotonsillar hypertrophy.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic utility of respiratory polygraphy (RP) in childhood OSAHS.

Summary:

  • A cohort of 400 children underwent respiratory polygraphy (RP) for suspected sleep-disordered breathing.
  • Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) was diagnosed in 74.5% of patients, with mild, moderate, and severe cases identified.
  • Adenotonsillar hypertrophy was the most common finding (52.75%), correlating with OSAHS diagnosis. Significant differences were noted in oxygen saturation and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI/h).

Impact:

  • Respiratory polygraphy (RP) is a valuable tool for diagnosing childhood OSAHS.
  • Early diagnosis and intervention for OSAHS, often linked to adenotonsillar hypertrophy, can improve pediatric health outcomes.
  • This study highlights the high incidence of OSAHS in children and underscores the importance of addressing underlying causes like adenotonsillar hypertrophy.