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Related Concept Videos

The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and empty blood into the...
Actin Treadmilling01:18

Actin Treadmilling

Actin filaments undergo polymerization and depolymerization from either end. The polymerization and depolymerization rates depend on the cytosolic concentration of free G-actins. The polymerization rate is generally higher at the plus or barbed end, while the depolymerization rate is higher at the minus or pointed end. At a steady state, critical concentration describes the concentration of free G-actin monomers at which the polymerization rate at the plus end is equal to that of the...
Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...
Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management

Aortic regurgitation (AR) is when the aortic valve does not close or seal properly, leading to backward blood circulation from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole. Common causes of AR include rheumatic heart disease, congenital valve defects, and aortic root dilation. Managing AR requires a multifaceted approach to alleviate symptoms, preserve left ventricular function, and address the underlying cause of the regurgitation. Patients with symptomatic AR or significant left...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping
08:19

Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping

Published on: February 22, 2018

TOPping up ATR activity.

Jiri Bartek1, Niels Mailand

  • 1Institute of Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. jb@cancer.dk

Cell
|March 15, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The nuclear protein kinase ATR, a key regulator of genome integrity, has its activity controlled by a physical interaction with TopBP1. This interaction significantly enhances ATR kinase activity, shedding light on DNA damage response mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Cellular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The nuclear protein kinase ATR (Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related) is crucial for maintaining genome integrity.
  • ATR functions at checkpoints to prevent cell cycle progression when DNA is damaged or replication is incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling ATR kinase activity.
  • To investigate the interaction between ATR and TopBP1.

Main Methods:

  • The study involved investigating the physical interaction between ATR and TopBP1.
  • Assays were performed to measure ATR kinase activity in the presence of TopBP1.

Main Results:

  • A distinct domain of TopBP1 physically interacts with ATR.

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  • This physical interaction significantly enhances ATR kinase activity.

    • Conclusions:

    • The interaction between ATR and TopBP1 is a key regulatory mechanism for ATR kinase activity.
    • Understanding this interaction provides insight into DNA damage response pathways and genome stability.