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A fully automated algorithm for the determination of respiratory rate from the photoplethysmogram
Paul A Leonard1, J Graham Douglas, Neil R Grubb
1Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, The Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Sciennes Rd, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK. paul_leonard@blueyonder.co.uk
Objective:
To determine if an automatic algorithm using wavelet analysis techniques can be used to reliably determine respiratory rate from the photoplethysmogram (PPG).
Methods:
Photoplethysmograms were obtained from 12 spontaneously breathing healthy adult volunteers. Three related wavelet transforms were automatically polled to obtain a measure of respiratory rate. This was compared with a secondary timing signal obtained by asking the volunteers to actuate a small push button switch, held in their right hand, in synchronisation with their respiration. In addition, individual breaths were resolved using the wavelet-method to identify the source of any discrepancies.
Results:
Volunteer respiratory rates varied from 6.56 to 18.89 breaths per minute. Through training of the algorithm it was possible to determine a respiratory rate for all 12 traces acquired during the study. The maximum error between the PPG derived rates and the manually determined rate was found to be 7.9%.
Conclusion:
Our technique allows the accurate measurement of respiratory rate from the photoplethysmogram, and leads the way for developing a simple non-invasive combined respiration and saturation monitor.
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