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Updated: Aug 10, 2026
Use of an Integrated Low-Flow Anesthetic Vaporizer, Ventilator, and Physiological Monitoring System for Rodents
Published on: July 9, 2020
An innovative anaesthesia machine: the closed system
Patrick Schober1, Stephan A Loer
1Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Purpose Of Review:
Closed system anaesthesia allows economic use of medical gases and volatile anaesthetics, maintenance of airway climatization and reduction of anaesthetic gas loss into the environment. In this context we reviewed papers addressing recent technical and clinical advances of closed system anaesthesia.
Recent Findings:
New anaesthesia ventilators with computer-aided control of inspiratory oxygen, nitrous oxide and expiratory volatile anaesthetic concentrations have been developed. When compared with low flow or minimal flow techniques applied to classical anaesthesia ventilators with out-of-circle vaporizers these new ventilators provide fast and reliable achievement of the targeted volatile agent concentrations. The profile of desired end-tidal concentrations are stable with minimal or no operator intervention and the times to washout volatile anaesthetics are short.
Summary:
Modern feedback controlled ventilators allow the application of closed system anaesthesia as a safe and economic technique for routine clinical practice.
